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American novelist, essayist and academic (1931–2019)

Toni Morrison
Morrison in 1998

Morrison in 1998
Born Chloe Ardelia Wofford
(1931-02-18)February eighteen, 1931[1]
Lorain, Ohio, U.S.
Died August 5, 2019(2019-08-05) (anile 88)
New York Metropolis, New York, U.Southward.
Occupation
  • Novelist
  • essayist
  • children'due south writer
  • professor
Education
  • Howard University (BA)
  • Cornell Academy (MA)
Genre American literature
Notable works
  • The Bluest Eye (1970)
  • Sula (1973)
  • Vocal of Solomon (1977)
  • Tar Infant (1981)
  • Dear (1987)
Notable awards
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom
  • National Humanities Medal
  • Nobel Prize in Literature
  • Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Spouse

Harold Morrison

​

​

(m. 1958; div. 1964)​
Signature
Quotations related to Toni Morrison at Wikiquote

Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February xviii, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known equally Toni Morrison, was an American novelist. Her first novel, The Bluest Center, was published in 1970. The critically acclaimed Vocal of Solomon (1977) brought her national attending and won the National Volume Critics Circle Honour. In 1988, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for Dearest (1987); she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.

Born and raised in Lorain, Ohio, Morrison graduated from Howard University in 1953 with a B.A. in English. She earned a primary'southward degree in American Literature from Cornell University in 1955. In 1957 she returned to Howard University, was married, and had two children before divorcing in 1964. Morrison became the first black female editor in fiction at Random Business firm in New York Metropolis in the belatedly 1960s. She adult her own reputation equally an author in the 1970s and '80s. Her piece of work Beloved was made into a movie in 1998. Morrison's works are praised for addressing the harsh consequences of racism in the Us.

The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal authorities'southward highest honor for achievement in the humanities, in 1996. She was honored with the National Volume Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters the same yr. President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on May 29, 2012. She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Honour for Accomplishment in American Fiction in 2016. Morrison was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2020.

Early years [edit]

Toni Morrison was born Chloe Ardelia Wofford,[2] the second of iv children from a working-class, black family, in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford.[3] Her mother was built-in in Greenville, Alabama, and moved north with her family unit equally a child. She was a homemaker and a devout member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.[four] George Wofford grew up in Cartersville, Georgia. When Wofford was about 15, a grouping of white people lynched two African-American businessmen who lived on his street. Morrison later said: "He never told u.s.a. that he'd seen bodies. But he had seen them. And that was too traumatic, I think, for him."[five] Soon after the lynching, George Wofford moved to the racially integrated boondocks of Lorain, Ohio, in the hope of escaping racism and securing gainful employment in Ohio'southward burgeoning industrial economy. He worked odd jobs and every bit a welder for U.S. Steel. Traumatized past his experiences of racism, in a 2015 interview Morrison said her father hated whites so much he would non let them in the house.[vi]

When Morrison was about two years old, her family's landlord set fire to the firm in which they lived, while they were home, because her parents could not afford to pay rent. Her family responded to what she called this "baroque form of evil" by laughing at the landlord rather than falling into despair. Morrison later on said her family unit'south response demonstrated how to continue your integrity and merits your own life in the face of acts of such "monumental crudeness."[7]

Morrison's parents instilled in her a sense of heritage and language through telling traditional African-American folktales, ghost stories, and singing songs.[4] [8] Morrison also read frequently as a child; amid her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy.[ix]

She became a Catholic at the historic period of 12[10] and took the baptismal proper name Anthony (after Anthony of Padua), which led to her nickname, Toni.[xi]

Attending Lorain High Schoolhouse, she was on the debate team, the yearbook staff, and in the drama club.[iv]

Career [edit]

Adulthood and editing career: 1949–1975 [edit]

In 1949, she enrolled at Howard University in Washington, D.C., seeking the company of fellow blackness intellectuals.[12] It was while at Howard that she encountered racially segregated restaurants and buses for the commencement time.[5] She graduated in 1953 with a B.A. in English and went on to earn a Primary of Arts from Cornell University in 1955.[xiii] Her master'due south thesis was titled "Virginia Woolf's and William Faulkner's treatment of the alienated."[14] She taught English, first at Texas Southern Academy in Houston from 1955 to 1957, and then at Howard University for the next seven years. While teaching at Howard, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. Their first son was born in 1961 and she was meaning with their second son when she and Harold divorced in 1964.[8] [15] [16]

Afterwards her divorce and the birth of her son Slade in 1965, Morrison began working as an editor for L. W. Singer, a textbook division of publisher Random House,[4] in Syracuse, New York. 2 years later, she transferred to Random House in New York Metropolis, where she became their first black woman senior editor in the fiction section.[17] [18]

In that chapters, Morrison played a vital office in bringing Black literature into the mainstream. 1 of the commencement books she worked on was the groundbreaking Contemporary African Literature (1972), a drove that included work by Nigerian writers Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, and South African playwright Athol Fugard.[four] She fostered a new generation of Afro-American writers,[4] including poet and novelist Toni Cade Bambara, radical activist Angela Davis, Black Panther Huey Newton[19] and novelist Gayl Jones, whose writing Morrison discovered. She as well brought to publication the 1975 autobiography of the outspoken battle champion Muhammad Ali, The Greatest: My Own Story. In add-on, she published and promoted the work of Henry Dumas,[20] a little-known novelist and poet who in 1968 had been shot to death by a transit officer in the New York City Subway.[five] [21]

Among other books that Morrison developed and edited is The Blackness Book (1974), an anthology of photographs, illustrations, essays, and documents of black life in the United States from the fourth dimension of slavery to the 1920s.[v] Random House had been uncertain almost the project but its publication met with a good reception. Alvin Beam reviewed the anthology for the Cleveland Patently Dealer, writing: "Editors, like novelists, have brain children – books they think upwardly and bring to life without putting their ain names on the title page. Mrs. Morrison has 1 of these in the stores now, and magazines and newsletters in the publishing trade are ecstatic, saying it will become similar hotcakes."[iv]

First writings and pedagogy, 1970–1986 [edit]

Morrison had begun writing fiction equally function of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard Academy who met to discuss their piece of work. She attended ane meeting with a brusk story about a black girl who longed to have bluish optics. Morrison after developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye, getting up every morn at 4 am to write, while raising two children on her own.[15]

The Bluest Eye was published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston in 1970, when Morrison was anile 39.[18] It was favorably reviewed in The New York Times past John Leonard, who praised Morrison's writing mode as being "a prose so precise, so faithful to oral communication and and so charged with hurting and wonder that the novel becomes poesy ... But The Bluest Eye is also history, sociology, folklore, nightmare and music."[22] The novel did non sell well at first, but the Metropolis Academy of New York put The Bluest Eye on its reading list for its new Black studies department, as did other colleges, which boosted sales.[23] The book besides brought Morrison to the attention of the acclaimed editor Robert Gottlieb at Knopf, an banner of the publisher Random Firm. Gottlieb later edited most of Morrison'southward novels.[23]

In 1975, Morrison's second novel Sula (1973), virtually a friendship between two black women, was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Expressionless III, from birth to adulthood, equally he discovers his heritage. This novel brought her national acclamation, being a main selection of the Book of the Calendar month Club, the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940.[24] Song of Solomon also won the National Book Critics Circumvolve Award.[25]

At its 1979 starting time ceremonies, Barnard College awarded Morrison its highest laurels, the Barnard Medal of Distinction.[26]

Morrison gave her next novel, Tar Baby (1981), a contemporary setting. In information technology, a looks-obsessed mode model, Jadine, falls in love with Son, a penniless drifter who feels at ease with beingness black.[xv]

In 1983, Morrison left publishing to devote more time to writing, while living in a converted boathouse on the Hudson River in Nyack, New York.[27] [28] She taught English at two branches of the State University of New York (SUNY) and at Rutgers Academy'southward New Brunswick campus.[29] In 1984, she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, SUNY.[thirty]

Morrison's first play, Dreaming Emmett, is about the 1955 murder by white men of black teenager Emmett Till. The play was performed in 1986 at the State University of New York at Albany, where she was didactics at the time.[31] Morrison was too a visiting professor at Bard College from 1986 to 1988.[32]

The Dear Trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998 [edit]

Morrison, with her sons Harold (left) and Slade (right) at their upstate New York abode, between 1980 and 1987

In 1987, Morrison published her most celebrated novel, Beloved. It was inspired by the truthful story of an enslaved African-American woman, Margaret Garner,[33] whose story Morrison had discovered when compiling The Black Volume. Garner had escaped slavery but was pursued by slave hunters. Facing a return to slavery, Garner killed her two-yr-old daughter but was captured before she could impale herself.[34] Morrison's novel imagines the expressionless infant returning as a ghost, Love, to haunt her mother and family unit.[35]

Dearest was a critical success and a bestseller for 25 weeks. The New York Times book reviewer Michiko Kakutani wrote that the scene of the mother killing her baby is "so brutal and disturbing that it appears to warp fourth dimension before and after into a unmarried unwavering line of fate."[36] Canadian writer Margaret Atwood wrote in a review for The New York Times, "Ms. Morrison'due south versatility and technical and emotional range announced to know no bounds. If there were any doubts about her stature as a pre-eminent American novelist, of her ain or any other generation, Dearest volition put them to rest."[37]

Non all critics praised Beloved, however. African-American conservative social critic Stanley Crouch, for instance, complained in his review in The New Republic [38] that the novel "reads largely like a melodrama lashed to the structural conceits of the miniseries," and that Morrison "perpetually interrupts her narrative with maudlin ideological commercials."[39] [40]

Despite overall high acclaim, Beloved failed to win the prestigious National Book Honor or the National Book Critics Circle Award. 40-eight black critics and writers,[41] [42] amongst them Maya Angelou, protested the omission in a statement that The New York Times published on January 24, 1988.[xviii] [43] [44] "Despite the international stature of Toni Morrison, she has yet to receive the national recognition that her v major works of fiction entirely deserve," they wrote.[5] Ii months later, Love won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[36] Information technology also won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Honour.[45]

Beloved is the first of three novels well-nigh honey and African-American history, sometimes called the Beloved Trilogy.[46] Morrison said that they are intended to be read together, explaining, "The conceptual connection is the search for the beloved – the part of the self that is you, and loves y'all, and is always at that place for you."[7] The second novel in the trilogy, Jazz, came out in 1992. Told in linguistic communication that imitates the rhythms of jazz music, the novel is about a love triangle during the Harlem Renaissance in New York City. That yr she also published her starting time book of literary criticism, Playing in the Night: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992), an examination of the African-American presence in white American literature.[45] (In 2016, Time magazine noted that Playing in the Dark was among Morrison's almost-assigned texts on U.S. college campuses, together with several of her novels and her 1993 Nobel Prize lecture.)[47]

Before the 3rd novel of the Beloved Trilogy was published, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. The citation praised her as an author "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality."[48] She was the beginning black woman of any nationality to win the prize.[49] In her acceptance speech, Morrison said: "We die. That may exist the pregnant of life. But we practise language. That may be the measure of our lives."[50]

In her Nobel lecture, Morrison talked about the power of storytelling. To make her point, she told a story. She spoke near a blind, old, blackness woman who is approached by a group of young people. They need of her, "Is there no context for our lives? No song, no literature, no poem full of vitamins, no history connected to feel that you tin can pass along to assist usa start strong? ... Retrieve of our lives and tell u.s. your particularized earth. Make up a story."[51]

In 1996, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government'due south highest accolade for "distinguished intellectual accomplishment in the humanities."[52] Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Hereafter of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations,"[53] began with the aphorism: "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned confronting the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.[54] Morrison was also honored with the 1996 National Volume Foundation'south Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, which is awarded to a author "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of piece of work."[55]

The third novel of her Dear Trilogy, Paradise, about citizens of an all-black boondocks, came out in 1997. The following year, Morrison was on the comprehend of Time magazine, making her simply the second female person writer of fiction and second black author of fiction to appear on what was perhaps the well-nigh pregnant U.S. magazine cover of the era.[56]

Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect" [edit]

Also in 1998, the movie adaptation of Dearest was released, directed by Jonathan Demme and co-produced by Oprah Winfrey, who had spent ten years bringing it to the screen. Winfrey too stars as the main character, Sethe, alongside Danny Glover every bit Sethe's lover, Paul D, and Thandiwe Newton as Beloved.[57]

The movie flopped at the box office. A review in The Economist suggested that "most audiences are not eager to endure nearly 3 hours of a cerebral picture with an original storyline featuring supernatural themes, murder, rape and slavery."[58] Flick critic Janet Maslin, all the same, in her New York Times review "No Peace from a Roughshod Legacy" chosen it a "transfixing, securely felt accommodation of Toni Morrison's novel. ... Its linchpin is of course Oprah Winfrey, who had the clout and foresight to bring 'Honey' to the screen and has the dramatic presence to concord it together."[59]

In 1996, television set talk-testify host Oprah Winfrey selected Song of Solomon for her newly launched Book Club, which became a popular feature on her Oprah Winfrey Show.[lx] An average of 13 million viewers watched the testify's book gild segments.[61] Every bit a result, when Winfrey selected Morrison's earliest novel The Bluest Eye in 2000, it sold another 800,000 paperback copies.[iv] John Young wrote in the African American Review in 2001 that Morrison's career experienced the boost of "The Oprah Effect, ... enabling Morrison to achieve a broad, popular audience."[62]

Winfrey selected a total of four of Morrison's novels over six years, giving Morrison's novels a bigger sales boost than they got from her Nobel Prize win in 1993.[63] The novelist also appeared three times on Winfrey'south show. Winfrey said, "For all those who asked the question 'Toni Morrison over again?'... I say with certainty there would take been no Oprah'due south Book Club if this adult female had not chosen to share her love of words with the world."[61] Morrison called the volume club a "reading revolution."[61]

The early 21st century [edit]

Morrison continued to explore different art forms, such as providing texts for original scores of classical music. She collaborated with André Previn on the song cycle Honey and Rue, which premiered with Kathleen Battle in Jan 1992, and on Four Songs, premiered at Carnegie Hall with Sylvia McNair in November 1994. Both Sweet Talk: 4 Songs on Text and Spirits In the Well (1997) were written for Jessye Norman with music by Richard Danielpour, and, aslope Maya Angelou and Clarissa Pinkola Estés, Morrison provided the text for composer Judith Weir'southward woman.life.song commissioned by Carnegie Hall for Jessye Norman, which premiered in April 2000.[64] [65]

Morrison returned to Margaret Garner'south life story, the basis of her novel Love, to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner. Completed in 2002, with music by Richard Danielpour, the opera was premièred on May seven, 2005, at the Detroit Opera Business firm with Denyce Graves in the title role.[66]

Love, Morrison'south start novel since Paradise, came out in 2003. In 2004, she put together a children'due south book called Think to mark the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Lath of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954 that alleged racially segregated public schools to exist unconstitutional.[67]

From 1997 to 2003, Morrison was an Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.[68]

In June 2005, the University of Oxford awarded Morrison an honorary Doctor of Messages degree.[69]

In spring 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the all-time piece of work of American fiction published in the previous 25 years, as called by a selection of prominent writers, literary critics, and editors.[seventy] In his essay about the choice, "In Search of the Best," critic A. O. Scott said: "Whatever other issue would accept been startling, since Morrison's novel has inserted itself into the American canon more completely than any of its potential rivals. With remarkable speed, 'Dear' has, less than 20 years after its publication, get a staple of the college literary curriculum, which is to say a classic. This triumph is commensurate with its ambition, since it was Morrison's intention in writing information technology precisely to expand the range of classic American literature, to enter, as a living blackness woman, the company of dead white males like Faulkner, Melville, Hawthorne and Twain."[71]

In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long serial of events beyond the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home", about which The New York Times said: "In borer her ain African-American culture, Ms. Morrison is eager to credit 'foreigners' with enriching the countries where they settle."[72] [73] [74]

Morrison'south novel A Mercy, released in 2008, is set in the Virginia colonies of 1682. Diane Johnson, in her review in Vanity Fair, called A Mercy "a poetic, visionary, mesmerizing tale that captures, in the cradle of our present problems and strains, the natal curse put on us back then by the Indian tribes, Africans, Dutch, Portuguese, and English competing to get their ground in the New Earth against a hostile landscape and the essentially tragic nature of human experience."[75]

Princeton years [edit]

From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison held the Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.[9] She said she did non think much of modern fiction writers who reference their own lives instead of inventing new textile, and she used to tell her creative writing students, "I don't desire to hear about your little life, OK?" Similarly, she chose not to write nearly her ain life in a memoir or autobiography.[12]

Though based in the Creative Writing Program at Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students later on the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she conceived and developed the Princeton Atelier, a plan that brings together students with writers and performing artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration.[76]

Morrison speaking in 2008

Inspired by her curatorship at the Louvre Museum, Morrison returned to Princeton in fall 2008 to atomic number 82 a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home".[17]

On November 17, 2017, Princeton Academy defended Morrison Hall (a building previously chosen West College) in her award.[77]

Final years: 2010–2019 [edit]

In May 2010, Morrison appeared at PEN World Voices for a conversation with Marlene van Niekerk and Kwame Anthony Appiah about S African literature, and specifically van Niekerk'south 2004 novel Agaat.[78]

Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who was a painter and a musician. Slade died of pancreatic cancer on December 22, 2010, aged 45.[23] [79] Morrison's novel Dwelling house (2012) was half-completed when Slade died.[23]

In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorary Doctor of Letters caste from Rutgers University–New Brunswick during the commencement ceremony,[lxxx] where she delivered a powerful speech on the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth."

Morrison debuted another piece of work in 2011: She worked with opera director Peter Sellars and Malian singer-songwriter Rokia Traoré on a new production, Desdemona, taking a fresh look at William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello. The trio focused on the relationship between Othello's wife Desdemona and her African nursemaid, Barbary, who is simply briefly referenced in Shakespeare. The play, a mix of words, music and song, premiered in Vienna in 2011.[17] [12] [81]

Morrison had stopped working on her latest novel when her son died. She said that afterwards, "I stopped writing until I began to retrieve, He would be really put out if he idea that he had caused me to stop. 'Please, Mom, I'm dead, could you keep going ...?'"[82]

She completed Abode and dedicated it to her son Slade Morrison.[11] [83] [84] Published in 2012, it is the story of a Korean War veteran in the segregated U.s.a. of the 1950s, who tries to save his sister from brutal medical experiments at the hands of a white medico.[82]

In August 2012, Oberlin College became the home base of the Toni Morrison Guild,[85] an international literary society founded in 1993, dedicated to scholarly research of Morrison's piece of work.[86] [87] [88]

Morrison'south eleventh novel, God Help the Child, was published in 2015. Information technology follows Bride, an executive in the fashion and beauty industry whose mother tormented her as a child for being dark-skinned – a childhood trauma that has dogged Bride her whole life.[89]

Morrison was a member of the editorial advisory board of The Nation, a mag started in 1865 by Northern abolitionists.[90] [67]

Personal life [edit]

While teaching at Howard University from 1957 to 1964, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. She took his final name, and became known as Toni Morrison. Their first son Harold Ford was born in 1961. She was pregnant with their second son when she and Harold divorced in 1964.[8] [xv] [91] Her 2d son Slade Kevin was built-in later her divorce, in 1965.

Morrison began working equally an editor for L. W. Singer, a textbook sectionalisation of publisher Random House,[4] in Syracuse, New York. She moved with her sons as her career took her to unlike positions in different places.

She worked on books for children with her son Slade Morrison, who was a painter and a musician. Slade died of pancreatic cancer on December 22, 2010, aged 45.[23] [92]

Morrison was halfway through writing her novel Home when her younger son died. She stopped work on the novel for a yr or ii, before completing it; that novel was published in 2012.

Death and memorial [edit]

Morrison died at Montefiore Medical Center in The Bronx, New York City, on August v, 2019, from complications of pneumonia. She was 88 years erstwhile.[93] [94] [95]

A memorial tribute was held for Morrison on Nov 21, 2019, at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. At this gathering she was eulogized past, among others, Oprah Winfrey, Angela Davis, Michael Ondaatje, David Remnick, Fran Lebowitz, Ta-Nehisi Coates, and Edwidge Danticat.[96] The jazz saxophonist David Murray performed a musical tribute.[97]

Politics, literary reception, and legacy [edit]

Politics [edit]

Street art depicting Morrison in Vitoria, Spain

Morrison was non afraid to annotate on American politics and race relations.

In writing about the 1998 impeachment of Bill Clinton, she claimed that since Whitewater, Bill Clinton was being mistreated in the same way blackness people oftentimes are:

Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than whatsoever actual black person who could ever be elected in our children's lifetime. After all, Clinton displays most every trope of blackness: unmarried-parent household, born poor, working-form, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas. [98]

The phrase "our offset Black president" was adopted as a positive by Beak Clinton supporters. When the Congressional Black Conclave honored the erstwhile president at its dinner in Washington, D.C. on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made united states of america think for a while we had elected the first black president."[99]

In the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, Morrison stated to Time magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was existence treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race."[100] In the Democratic primary contest for the 2008 presidential race, Morrison endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton,[101] though expressing adoration and respect for the latter.[102] When he won, Morrison said she felt similar an American for the first time. She said, "I felt very powerfully patriotic when I went to the inauguration of Barack Obama. I felt like a kid."[11]

In April 2015, speaking of the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner and Walter Scott – three unarmed black men killed by white police officers – Morrison said: "People go on saying, 'We need to have a conversation most race.' This is the conversation. I want to see a cop shoot a white unarmed teenager in the dorsum. And I want to run across a white human being bedevilled for raping a black woman. And so when you ask me, 'Is it over?', I will say yes."[103]

After the 2016 election of Donald Trump as President of the United states of america, Morrison wrote an essay, "Mourning for Whiteness," published in the Nov 21, 2016 issue of The New Yorker. In information technology she argues that white Americans are then afraid of losing privileges afforded them by their race that white voters elected Trump, whom she described as existence "endorsed by the Ku Klux Klan", in social club to proceed the idea of white supremacy live.[104] [105]

Relationship to feminism [edit]

Although her novels typically concentrate on blackness women, Morrison did not identify her works as feminist. When asked in a 1998 interview, "Why altitude oneself from feminism?" she replied: "In order to be equally free as I maybe can, in my own imagination, I tin't take positions that are closed. Everything I've ever washed, in the writing globe, has been to expand joint, rather than to shut information technology, to open doors, sometimes, not even closing the book – leaving the endings open for reinterpretation, revisitation, a footling ambiguity."[106] She went on to state that she thought information technology "off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think information technology should exist substituted with matriarchy. I recall it'due south a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."[106]

In 2012, she responded to a question about the difference betwixt black and white feminists in the 1970s. "Womanists is what blackness feminists used to call themselves," she explained. "They were not the same matter. And also the relationship with men. Historically, blackness women have always sheltered their men because they were out there, and they were the ones that were almost probable to exist killed."[82]

West. Southward. Kottiswari writes in Postmodern Feminist Writers (2008) that Morrison exemplifies characteristics of "postmodern feminism" by "altering Euro-American dichotomies by rewriting a history written by mainstream historians" and by her usage of shifting narration in Beloved and Paradise. Kottiswari states: "Instead of western logocentric abstractions, Morrison prefers the powerful vivid language of women of colour ... She is essentially postmodern since her arroyo to myth and folklore is re-visionist."[107]

National Memorial for Peace and Justice [edit]

The National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, includes writing by Morrison.[108] Visitors can run into her quote later they take walked through the department commemorating individual victims of lynching.[109]

Papers [edit]

The Toni Morrison Papers are role of the permanent library collections of Princeton Academy, where they are held in the Manuscripts Division, Section of Rare Books and Special Collections.[110] [111] Morrison'due south conclusion to offering her papers to Princeton instead of to her alma mater Howard University was criticized by some within the historically black colleges and universities community.[112]

Toni Morrison Day [edit]

In 2019, a resolution was passed in her hometown of Lorain, Ohio, to designate February 18, her birthday, every bit "Toni Morrison Twenty-four hour period." Additional legislation was introduced to besides proclaim that engagement every bit "Toni Morrison Day" throughout the Country of Ohio.[113] [114] [115] The legislation, HB 325, was passed by the Ohio Business firm of Representatives on Dec two, 2020[116] and signed into police force past Governor Mike DeWine on December 21, 2020.[117]

Documentary films [edit]

Morrison was interviewed by Margaret Busby in a 1988 documentary film by Sindamani Bridglal, entitled Identifiable Qualities, shown on Channel 4.[118] [119]

Morrison was the subject of a picture show titled Imagine – Toni Morrison Remembers, directed past Jill Nicholls and shown on BBC 1 boob tube on July 15, 2015, in which Morrison talked to Alan Yentob about her life and work.[120] [121] [122]

In 2016, Oberlin Higher received a grant to complete a documentary film begun in 2014, The Foreigner's Home, nigh Morrison's intellectual and creative vision,[123] explored in the context of the 2006 exhibition she guest-curated at the Louvre.[124] [125] The film's executive producer was Jonathan Demme.[126] It was directed by Oberlin College Cinema Studies kinesthesia Geoff Pingree and Rian Brown,[127] and incorporates footage shot by Morrison's offset-born son Harold Ford Morrison, who also consulted on the motion-picture show.[128]

In 2019, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders' documentary Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am premiered at the Sundance Picture Festival.[129] People featured in the movie include Morrison, Angela Davis, Oprah Winfrey, Sonia Sanchez, and Walter Mosley, amidst others.[130]

Awards and nominations [edit]

Awards [edit]

  • 1977: National Book Critics Circle Award for Vocal of Solomon [131]
  • 1977: American Academy and Plant of Arts and Letters Laurels[132]
  • 1982: Ohio Women's Hall of Fame inductee[133]
  • 1988: Robert F. Kennedy Book Award[134]
  • 1988: Helmerich Honor[135]
  • 1988: American Book Honour for Love [136]
  • 1988: Anisfield-Wolf Book Laurels in Race Relations for Beloved [137]
  • 1988: Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Honey [36]
  • 1988: Frederic Thousand. Melcher Volume Laurels for Love [138] [a]
  • 1988: Honorary Doctor of Laws at University of Pennsylvania[141] [142]
  • 1989: Honorary Doctor of Messages at Harvard University[143]
  • 1993: Nobel Prize in Literature[144]
  • 1993: Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris[110]
  • 1994: Condorcet Medal, Paris[145]
  • 1994: Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature[146]
  • 1996: Jefferson Lecture[147]
  • 1996: National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Messages[148]
  • 1997: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Gustavus Adolphus Higher.[149]
  • 2000: National Humanities Medal[150]
  • 2002: 100 Greatest African Americans, list by Molefi Kete Asante[151]
  • 2005: Gold Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[152] [153]
  • 2005: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from University of Oxford[154]
  • 2008: New Jersey Hall of Fame inductee[155]
  • 2009: Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement[156]
  • 2010: Officier de la Légion d'Honneur[157]
  • 2010: Institute for Arts and Humanities Medal for Distinguished Contributions to the Arts and Humanities from the Pennsylvania State Academy[158]
  • 2011: Library of Congress Creative Achievement Accolade for Fiction[159]
  • 2011: Honorary Doctor of Letters at Rutgers University Graduation Starting time[160]
  • 2011: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Geneva[161] [162]
  • 2012: Presidential Medal of Liberty[163]
  • 2013: The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal awarded by Vanderbilt University[164]
  • 2013: Honorary Doctorate of Literature awarded past Princeton Academy[165]
  • 2013: PEN Oakland – Josephine Miles Literary Laurels for Dwelling [166]
  • 2013: Writer in Residence at the American Academy in Rome[167]
  • 2014: Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award given by the National Volume Critics Circumvolve[168] [169]
  • 2016: PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction[170] [171]
  • 2016: The Charles Eliot Norton Professorship in Poetry (The Norton Lectures), Harvard Academy[172]
  • 2016: The Edward MacDowell Medal, awarded by the MacDowell Colony[173]
  • 2018: The Thomas Jefferson Medal, awarded by The American Philosophical Social club[174]
  • 2020: National Women's Hall of Fame inductee [175] [176] [177]
  • 2020: Designation of "Toni Morrison Mean solar day" in Ohio, to be historic annually on her altogether, Feb 18 [178]

Nominations [edit]

  • Grammy Laurels for All-time Spoken Discussion Album for Children (2008) – Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper? The Lion or the Mouse? Poppy or the Snake? [179]

Bibliography [edit]

Novels [edit]

  • Morrison, Toni (1970). The Bluest Eye. ISBN0-452-28706-5.
  • Morrison, Toni (1973). Sula. ISBN1-4000-3343-8.
  • Morrison, Toni (1977). Song of Solomon. ISBNane-4000-3342-X.
  • Morrison, Toni (1981). Tar Baby. ISBN1-4000-3344-6.
  • Morrison, Toni (1987). Beloved. ISBNone-4000-3341-1.
  • Morrison, Toni (1992). Jazz. ISBNi-4000-7621-viii.
  • Morrison, Toni (1997). Paradise. ISBN0-679-43374-0.
  • Morrison, Toni (2003). Honey. ISBN0-375-40944-0.
  • Morrison, Toni (2008). A Mercy. ISBN978-0-307-26423-7.
  • Morrison, Toni (2012). Home. ISBN978-0307594167.
  • Morrison, Toni (2015). God Help the Child. ISBN978-0307594174.

Children'southward books (with Slade Morrison) [edit]

  • The Large Box (1999). ISBN 9780786823642.
  • The Book of Mean People (2002). ISBN 9780786805402.
  • Call up: The Journeying to Schoolhouse Integration (2004). ISBN 9780618397402.
  • Who'southward Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper?, The Lion or the Mouse?, Poppy or the Snake? (2007). ISBN 9780743283915.
  • Peeny Butter Fudge (2009). ISBN 9781442459007.
  • Little Cloud and Lady Wind (2010). ISBN 1416985239.
  • Delight, Louise (2014). ISBN 9781416983385.

Curt fiction [edit]

  • "Recitatif" (1983)[180] A hardback book version, with an introduction by Zadie Smith, was published in February 2022 (Usa: Knopf; UK: Chatto & Windus).[181] [182] [183]
  • "Sweetness". The New Yorker. Vol. 90, no. 47. February ix, 2015. pp. 58–61.

Plays [edit]

  • N'Orleans: The Storyville Musical (aka New Orleans) (performed 1982) with Donald McKayle[184]
  • Dreaming Emmett (performed 1986)[31]
  • Desdemona (first performed May 15, 2011, in Vienna)[185] [186] [187]

Poetry [edit]

  • 5 Poems (2002, limited edition volume with illustrations by Kara Walker)[188] [189]

Libretto [edit]

  • Margaret Garner (commencement performed May 2005)[93]

Non-fiction [edit]

  • Foreword, The Black Photographers Annual Volume 1, edited by Joe Crawford (1973), OCLC 1783715
  • Foreword and Preface, The Black Volume edited by Harris, Levitt, Furman and Smith. Random House (1974), ISBN 9781400068487
  • Foreword, Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. Pantheon Books (1992), ISBN 9780679741459
  • Co-editor, Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case (1997), ISBN 9780307482266
  • Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004), ISBN 9780618397402
  • Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (2007), ISBN 9780307388636[190]
  • What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction, edited past Carolyn C. Denard (2008), ISBN 9781604730173
  • Editor (2009), Burn This Book: PEN Writers Speak Out on the Ability of the Give-and-take, ISBN 9780061878817
  • The Origin of Others – The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, Harvard University Printing (2017), ISBN 9780674976450
  • Goodness and the Literary Imagination: Harvard Divinity School'south 95th Ingersoll Lecture: With Essays on Morrison'south Moral and Religious Vision. Edited past Davíd Carrasco, Stephanie Paulsell, and Mara Willard. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (2019)
  • The Source of Self-Regard: Essays, Speeches, Meditations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (2019), ISBN 9780525521037. Great britain edition published as Mouth Full of Blood: Essays, Speeches, Meditations, London: Chatto & Windus (2019), ISBN 978-1784742850

Articles [edit]

  • "Introduction." Marker Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. [1885] The Oxford Mark Twain, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin. New York: Oxford Academy Press, 1996, pp. xxxii–xli.

See also [edit]

  • American literature
  • African-American literature
  • Listing of blackness Nobel laureates
  • List of female Nobel laureates

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A remark in her acceptance speech that "in that location is no suitable memorial or plaque or wreath or wall or park or skyscraper lobby" honoring the memory of the human beings forced into slavery and brought to the United States; "In that location's no pocket-size demote past the road," led the Toni Morrison Society to brainstorm installing benches at pregnant sites in the history of slavery in America; the first "bench by the road" was dedicated July 26, 2008, on Sullivan's Isle, S Carolina, the signal of entry for about 40 percent of the enslaved Africans brought to Colonial America.[139] [140]

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison

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